Tag Archives: Open Source

(Possibly) Enhancing Alfresco Search with Stanford CoreNLP

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corenlp + alfresco

Laurence Hart recently published an article on CMSWiRE about AI and enterprise search that I found interesting.  In it, he lays out some good arguments about why the expectations for AI and enterprise search are a bit overinflated.  This is probably a natural part of they hype cycle that AI is currently traversing.  While AI probably won’t revolutionize enterprise search overnight, it definitely has the potential to offer meaningful improvements in the short term.  One of the areas where I think we can get some easy improvements is by using natural language processing to extract things that might be relevant to search, along with some context around those things.  For example, it is handy to be able to search for documents that contain references to people, places, organizations or specific dates using something more than a simple keyword search.  It’s useful for your search to know the difference between the china you set on your dinner table and China the country, or Alfresco the company vs eating outside.  Expanding on this work, it might also be useful to do some sentiment analysis on a document, or extract specific parts of it for automatic classification.

Stanford offers a set of tools to help with common natural language processing (NLP) tasks.  The Stanford CoreNLP project consists of a framework and variety of annotators that handle tasks such as sentiment analysis, part of speech tagging, lemmatization, named entity extraction, etc.  My favorite thing about this particular project is how they have simply dropped the barriers to trying it out to zero.  If you want to give the project a spin and see how it would annotate some text with the base models, Stanford helpfully hosts a version you can test out.  I spent an afternoon throwing text at it, both bits I wrote, and bits that come from some of my test document pool.  At first glance it seems to do a pretty good job, even with nothing more than the base models loaded.

I’d like to prove out some of these concepts and explore them further, so I’ve started a simple project to connect Stanford CoreNLP with the Alfresco Content Services platform.  The initial goals are simple:  Take text from an document stored in Alfresco, run it through a few CoreNLP annotators, extract data from the generated annotations, and store that data as Alfresco metadata.  This will make annotation data such as named entities (dates, places, people, organizations) directly searchable via Alfresco Search Services.  I’m starting with an Alfresco Repository Action that calls CoreNLP since that will be easy to test on individual documents.  It would be pretty straightforward to take this component and run it as a metadata extractor, which might make more sense in the long run.  Like most of my Alfresco extension or integration projects, this roughly follows the Service Action Pattern.

Stanford CoreNLP makes the integration bits pretty easy.  You can run CoreNLP as a standalone server, and the project helpfully provides a Java client (StandfordCoreNLPClient) that somewhat closely mirrors the annotation pipeline so if you already know how to use CoreNLP locally, you can easily get it working from an Alfresco integration.  This will also help with scalability since CoreNLP can be memory hungry and running the NLP engine in a separate JVM or server from Alfresco definitely makes sense.  It also makes sense to be judicious about what annotators you run, so that should be configurable in Alfresco.  It also make sense to limit the size of the text that gets sent to CoreNLP, so long term some pagination will probably be necessary to break down large files into more manageable pieces.  The CoreNLP project itself provides some great guidance on getting the best performance out of the tool.

A couple of notes about using CoreNLP programmatically from other applications.  First, if you just provide a host name (like localhost) then CoreNLP assumes that you will be connecting via HTTPS.   This will cause the StanfordCoreNLPClient to not respond if your server isn’t set up for it.  Oddly, it also doesn’t seem to throw any kind of useful exception, it just sort of, well, stops.  If you don’t want to use HTTPS, make sure to specify the protocol in the host name.  Second, Stanford makes it pretty easy to use CoreNLP in your application by publishing on Maven Central, but the model jars aren’t there.  You’ll need to download those separately.  Third, CoreNLP can use a lot of memory for processing large amounts of text.  If you plan to do this kind of thing at any kind of scale, you’ll need to run the CoreNLP bits on a separate JVM, and possibly a separate server.  I can’t imagine that Alfresco under load and CoreNLP in the same JVM would yield good results.  Fourth, the client also has hefty memory requirements.  In my testing, running CoreNLP client in an Alfresco action with less than 2GB of memory caused out of memory errors when processing 5-6 pages of dense text.  Finally, the pipeline that you feed CoreNLP is ordered.  If you don’t have the correct annotators in there in the right order, you won’t get the results you expect.  Some annotators have dependencies, which aren’t always clear until you try to process some text and it fails.  Thankfully the error message will tell you what other annotators you need in the pipeline for it to work.

After some experimentation I’m not sure that CoreNLP is really well suited for integration with a content services platform.  I had hoped that most of the processing using StanfordCoreNLPClient to connect to a server would take place on the server, and only results would be returned but that doesn’t appear to be the case.  I still think that using NLP tools to enhance search has merit though.  If you want to play around with this idea yourself you can find my PoC code on Github.  It’s a toy at this point, but might help others understand Alfresco, some intricacies of CoreNLP, or both.  As a next step I’m going to look at OpenNLP and a few other tools to better understand both the concepts and the space.

 

A Simple Pattern for Alfresco Extensions

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Over the years I have worked with and for Alfresco, I have written a ton of Alfresco extensions.  Some of these are for customers, some are for my own education, some for R&D spikes, etc.  I’d like to share a common pattern that comes in handy.  If you are a super experienced Alfresco developer, this article probably isn’t for you.  You know this stuff already!

There are a lot of ways to build Alfresco extensions, and a lot of ways to integrate your own code or connect Alfresco to another product.  There are also a lot of ways you might want to call your own code or an integration, whether that is from an Action, a Behavior, a Web Script, a scheduled job, or via the Alfresco Javascript API.  One way to make your extension as flexible as possible is to use what could informally be called the “Service Action Pattern”.

The Service Action Pattern

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Let’s start by describing the Service Action Pattern.  In this pattern, we take the functionality that we want to make available to Alfresco and we wrap it in a service object.  This is a well established pattern in the Alfresco world, used extensively in Alfresco’s own public API.  Things like the NodeService, ActionService, ContentService, etc all take core functionality found in the Alfresco platform and wrap it in a well defined service interface consisting of a set of public APIs that return Alfresco objects like NodeRefs, Actions, Paths, etc, or Java primitives.  The service object is where all of our custom logic lives, and it provides a well defined interface for other objects to use.  In many ways the service object serves as a sort of adapter pattern in that we are using the service object to translate back and forth between the types of domain specific objects that your extension requires and Alfresco objects.  When designing a new service in Alfresco, I find it is a best practice to limit the types of objects returned by the service layer to those things that Alfresco natively understands.  If your service object method creates a new node, return a NodeRef, for example.

A custom service object on its own isn’t terribly useful, since Alfresco doesn’t know what to do with it.  This is where an Alfresco Action comes in handy.  We can use one or more Alfresco Actions to call the services that our service object exposes.  Creating an action to call the service object has several advantages.  First, once you have an Action you can easily call that Action (and thus the underlying service object) from the Javascript API (more on this in a moment).  Second, it is easy to take an Action and surface it in Alfresco Share for testing or so your users can call it directly.  Actions can also be triggered by folder rules, which can be useful if you need to call some code when a document is created or updated.  Finally, Actions are registered with Alfresco, which makes them easy to find and call from other Java or server side Javascript code via the ActionService.  If you want to do something to a file or folder in Alfresco there is a pretty good chance that an Action is the right approach.

Using the Service Action Pattern also makes it simple to expose your service object as a REST API.  Remember that Alfresco Actions can be located and called easily from the Javascript API.  The Javascript API also happens to be (IMHO) the simplest way to build a new Alfresco Web Script.  If you need to call your Action from another system (a very common requirement) you can simply create a web script that exposes your action as a URL and call away.  This does require a bit of boilerplate code to grab request parameters and pass them to the Action, which in turn will call your service object.  It isn’t too much and there are lots of great examples in the Alfresco documentation and out in the community.

So why not just bake the code into the Action itself?  Good question!  First, any project of some complexity is likely to have a group of related functionality.  A good example can be found in the AWS Glacier Archive for Alfresco project we built a couple years ago at an Alfresco hack-a-thon.  This project required us to have Actions for archiving content, initiating a retrieval, and retrieving content.  All of these Actions are logically and functionally related, so it makes sense to group them together in a single service.  If you want the details of how Alfresco integrates with AWS Glacier, you just have to look at the service implementation class, the Action classes themselves are just sanity checks and wiring.  Another good reason to put your logic into a service class is for reuse outside of Actions.  Actions carry some overhead, and depending on how you plan to use it you may want to make your logic available directly to a behavior or expose it to the Alfresco Javascript API via a root scope object.  Both of these are straightforward if you have a well defined service object.

I hope this helps you build your next awesome Alfresco platform extension, I have found it a useful way to implement and organize my Alfresco projects.

Alfresco Premier Services – New Blog

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Screen Shot 2017-03-27 at 9.14.38 PM

I’m not shy about saying the best thing about my job is my team.  Never in my career have I worked with such a dedicated, skilled and fun group of people.  Whether you are talking about our management team or our individual contributors, the breadth and depth of experience across the Alfresco Premier Services team is impressive.  Members of our team have developed deep expertise across our product line, from auditing to RM, from workflow to search.  Some folks on the team have even branched out and started their own open source projects around Alfresco.  We have decided to take the next step in sharing our knowledge and launch a team blog.

The inaugural post details some recent changes to the Alfresco Premier Services offerings that coincide with the digital business platform launch.  We will follow that up in short order with new articles covering both content and process services including guidance on FTP load balancing and pulling custom property files into a process services workflow.

Lots of exciting stuff to come from the Premier Services Team, stay tuned!

Open Source in an AI World. Open Matters More Now Than Ever.

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121212_2_OpenSwissKnife

Technological unemployment is about to become a really big problem.  I don’t think the impact of automation on jobs is in any doubt at this point, the remaining questions are mostly around magnitude and timeline.  How many jobs will be affected, and how fast will it happen?  One of the things that worries me the most is the inevitable consolidation of wealth that will come from automation.  When you have workers building a product or providing a service, a portion of the wealth generated by those activities always flows to the people that do the work.  You have to pay your people, provide them benefits, time off, etc.  Automation changes the game, and the people that control the automation are able to keep a much higher percentage of the wealth generated by their business.

When people talk about technological unemployment, they often talk about robots assuming roles that humans used to do.  Robots to build cars, to build houses, to drive trucks, to plant and harvest crops, etc.  This part of the automation equation is huge, but it isn’t the only way that technology is going to make some jobs obsolete.  Just as large (if not larger) are the more ethereal ways that AI will take on larger and more complex jobs that don’t need a physical embodiment.  Both of these things will affect employment, but they differ in one fundamental way:  Barrier to entry.

High barriers

Building robots requires large capital investments for machining, parts, raw materials and other physical things.  Buying robots from a vendor frees you from the barriers of building, but you still need the capital to purchase them as well as an expensive physical facility in which you can deploy them.  They need ongoing physical maintenance, which means staff where the robots are (at least until robots can do maintenance on each other).  You need logistics and supply chain for getting raw materials into your plant and finished goods out.  This means that the financial barrier to entry for starting a business using robots is still quite high.  In many ways this isn’t so different from starting a physical business today.  If you want to start a restaurant you need a building with a kitchen, registers, raw materials, etc.  The difference is that you can make a one time up-front investment in automation in exchange for a lower ongoing cost in staff.  Physical robots are also not terribly elastic.  If you plan to build an automated physical business, you need to provision enough automation to handle your peak loads. This means idle capacity when you aren’t doing enough business to keep your machines busy.  You can’t just cut a machine’s hours and reduce operating costs in the same way you can with people.  There are strategies for dealing with this like there are in human-run facilities, but that’s beyond the scope of this article.

Low barriers

At the other end of the automation spectrum is AI without a physical embodiment.  I’ve been unable to find an agreed upon term for this concept of a “bodiless” AI.  Discorporate AI?  Nonmaterial AI?  The important point is that this category includes automation that isn’t a physical robot.  Whatever you want to call it, a significant amount of technological unemployment will come from this category of automation.  AI that is an expert in a given domain will be able to provide meaningful work delivered through existing channels like the web, mobile devices, voice assistants like Alexa or Google Home, IoT devices, etc.  While you still need somewhere for the AI to run, it can be run on commodity computing resources from any number of cloud providers or on your own hardware.  Because it is simply applied compute capacity, it is easier to scale up or down based on demand, helping to control costs during times of low usage.  Most AI relies on large data sets, which means storage, but storage costs continue to plummet to varying degrees depending on your performance, retrieval time, durability and other requirements.  In short, the barrier to entry for this type of automation is much lower.  It takes a factory and a huge team to build a complete market-ready self driving car.  You can build an AI to analyze data and provide insights in a small domain with a handful of skilled people working remotely.  Generally speaking, the capital investment will be smaller, and thus the barrier to entry is lower.

Open source democratizes AI

I don’t want to leave you with the impression that AI is easy.  It isn’t.  The biggest players in technology have struggled with it for decades.  Many of the hardest problems are yet to be solved.  On the individual level, anybody that has tried Siri, or Google Assistant or Alexa can attest to the fact that while these devices are a huge step forward, they get a LOT wrong.  Siri, for example, was never able to respond correctly when I asked it to play a specific genre of music.  This is a task that a 10 year old human can do with ease.  It still requires a lot of human smarts to build out fairly basic machine intelligence.

Why does open source matter more now than ever?  That was the title of this post, after all, and it’s taking an awfully long time to get to the point.  The short version is that open source AI technologies further lower the barriers to entry for the second category of automation described above.  This is a Good Thing because it means that the wealth created by automation can be spread across more people, not just those that have the capital to build physical robots.  It opens the door for more participation in the AI economy, instead of restricting it to a few companies with deep pockets.

Whoever controls automation controls the future of the economy, and open source puts that control in the hands of more people.

Thankfully, most areas of AI are already heavily colonized by open source technologies.  I’m not going to put together a list here, Google can find you more comprehensive answers.  Machine learning / deep learning, natural language processing, and speech recognition and synthesis all have robust open source tools supporting them.  Most of the foundational technologies underpinning these advancements are also open source.  The mots popular languages for doing AI research are open.  The big data and analytics technologies used for AI are open (mostly).  Even robotics and IoT have open platforms available.  What this means is that the tools for using AI for automation are available to anybody with the right skills to use them and a good idea for how to apply them.  I’m hopeful that this will lead to broad participation in the AI boom, and will help mitigate to a small degree the trend toward wealth consolidation that will come from automation.  It is less a silver bullet, more of a silver lining.

Image Credit: By Johannes Spielhagen, Bamberg, Germany [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Open Source is the Surest and Shortest Path to Digital Transformation

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Back in 2013, Mike Olson, a co-founder of Cloudera, famously stated that “No dominant platform-level software infrastructure has emerged in the last 10 years in closed-source, proprietary form.”.  He’s absolutely right about that.  John Newton underscored this theme at a recent Alfresco Day event in NYC.  He shared this slide as a part of his presentation, which I think does a great job showing how much of our modern platforms are dependent on the open source ecosystem:

open-components-slide

Platforms are more open today than they have ever been, with a few exceptions (I’m glaring annoyed at my iPhone as I write this).  Quite a few companies seem to have figured out the secret sauce of blending open platforms with proprietary value-adds to create robust, open ecosystems AND be able to pay the bills in the process.  This is very good news for you if you are pursuing a digital transformation strategy.

Why open source and open standards?

The advantages of open source are pretty well established at this point.  Open projects are more developer friendly.  They innovate faster.  They can fork and merge and rapidly change direction if the community needs that to happen (although there are good and bad forks).  Open has become the de-facto way that the digital business works today.  I’d challenge you to find any team within your organization that isn’t using at least one open source project or library.  Open has won.  That’s the first big advantage of open source in digital transformation today:  It’s ubiquitous.  You can find a platform or component to fill just about any need you have.

Open is also faster to try, and removes a lot of friction when testing out a new idea.  Effective digital transformation relies on speed and agility.  It’s a huge advantage to simply pull down a build of an open source technology you want to try out, stand it up and get to work.  That allows bad ideas to fail fast, and good ideas to flourish immediately.  Since testing ideas out is effectively free in terms of dollar cost, and cheap in terms of time and cognitive investment, I think we also tend to be more willing to throw it out and start over if we don’t get the results we want.  That’s a good thing as it ultimately leads to less time spent trying to find a bigger hammer to slam that square peg into a round hole.  If you decide to go forward with a particular technology, You’ll find commercial organizations standing behind them with support and value added components that can take an open source core to the next level.

If digital transformation relies on speed of innovation, then open technologies look even more appealing.  Why do open source projects tend to out-innovate their purely proprietary competitors?  There are probably a lot of reasons.  An open project isn’t limited to contributors from only one company.  Great ideas can come from anywhere and often do.  At their best, large open source projects function as meritocracies.  This is especially true of foundational platform technologies that may have originated at or get contributions from tech leaders.  These are the same technologies that can power your own digital transformation.

Open source projects also make the pace of innovation easier to manage since you get full transparency of what has changed version to version, and the visibility into the future direction of the project.  Looking at pending pull requests or commits between releases gives you a view into what is evolving in the project so that you can plan accordingly.  In a very real sense, pursuing a digital transformation strategy using open technologies forces you to adopt a modular, swappable, services driven approach.  Replacing a monolithic application stack every cycle is not possible, but replacing or upgrading individual service components in a larger architecture is, and open source makes that easier.

Software eats the world, and is a voracious cannibal

There is a downside to this pace of change, however.  Because open source projects innovate so quickly, and because the bar to creating one is so low, we often see exciting projects disrupted before they can really deliver on their promise.  Just when the people responsible for architecture and strategy start to fully understand how to exploit a new technology, the hype cycle begins on something that will supersede it.  Nowhere is this as bad as it is in the world of JavaScript frameworks where every week something new  and shiny and loud is vying for developers’ limited time and attention.  Big data suffers from the same problem.  A few years ago I would have lumped NoSQL (I hate that term, but it has stuck) databases into that category as well, but the sector seems to have settled down a little bit.

There is also a risk that an open source technology will lose its way, lose its user and developer base and become abandonware.  Look for those projects that have staying power.  Broad user adoption, frequent commits and active discussions are all good signs.  Projects that are part of a well established organization like the Apache Software Foundation are also usually a good bet.  Apache has a rigorous process that a project must follow to become a full blown project, and this drives a level of discipline that independent projects may lack.  A healthy company standing behind the project is another good sign, as that means there are people out there with financial interest in the project’s success.

Simply using open source projects to build your platform for transformation is no guarantee of success, but I would argue that carefully selecting the right open components does tilt the odds in your favor.

Building an Open IoT Network in Birmingham. By the Users, for the Users

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One of the big challenges in any IoT project is connectivity.  In a few proofs of concept and prototype projects I have worked on the choices have basically come down to either Wifi or 3G/4G connections.  Both are ubiquitous and have their place, but both also have significant drawbacks that hinder deployment.  Wifi usually requires access codes, has crap range, chews up battery and has FAR more bandwidth than most IoT projects really need.  3G/4G means a subscription or some kind of data plan and most carriers aren’t exactly easy to work with.  While platforms like Particle make this easier, it is still relatively expensive to send data and I’d like more choice in which embedded platform to use.  Are there any good alternatives?

Turns out there are, and one alternative in particular is appealing for the kind of open IoT projects that will drive us toward the future.  LoRaWAN is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) specification governed by an open, non-profit organization that aims to drive adoption and guarantee interoperability.  With members such as Cisco, IBM and Semtech and an experienced board consisting of senior leaders from many of these same companies and others, the LoRa Alliance is well positioned to make this happen.  So that’s one possible standard but how does this enable an open IoT network?  How does it solve the problems laid out earlier and make some kinds of IoT projects easier (or possible at all)?

Enter The Things Network (TTN).  The mission of The Things Network is to create a crowdsourced global LoRaWAN network to foster innovation in much the same way as the early days of the Internet.  By deploying a free, open LPWAN, The Things Network hopes to enable innovators to build and deploy new IoT technologies that can change our communities.  That’s a mission I can get behind!  Check out their manifesto if you want to read about the full scope of their vision.

Our team seeks to built a Things Network community in the Birmingham, Alabama area.  We have already started reaching out to people across our metro in analytics, RF engineering, embedded systems, software development, entrepreneurship, community engagement / advocacy and government with the goal of building a consortium of local organizations to support a free and open IoT network.  Our vision is to build the open and transparent infrastructure required to support the future of smart cities.  Birmingham is a great place to do this.  The city center is relatively small so establishing full coverage should be achievable.  We have other smart cities initiatives in the works, including some things funded by an IBM Smarter Cities Challenge grant.  We have an active and growing technology community anchored by such institutions as the Innovation Depot, local groups like TechBirmingham and maker spaces like Red Mountain Makers.  We have active civic organizations with goals across the public sphere from economic development to air quality.  We have a can-do spirit and our eyes aimed firmly toward the future while being well aware of our past.

Assuming we can get a larger team assembled and this network launched, what do we plan to do with it?  A lot of that will come down to the people that join this effort and bring their own ideas to the table.  Initially the first few gateways will be launched in support of an air quality monitoring program using a series of low cost monitors deployed within the city.  Ideally this will expand quickly to other uses, even if those are just proofs of concept.  I, for one, plan to install a simple sensor system to tell me when the parking spaces in front of my condo building are available.  I hope others adopt this platform to explore their own awesome ideas and those ideas go on to inspire our city to become a leader in digital transformation.

I hope you will join us at the Birmingham Things Network Community and help us build the future one node at a time.